Essay on Obamacare and Small Businesses - 1289 Words

Obamacare and Small Businesses Adverse Effects Obamacare seems to have a plethora of negative elements attached to it. When it comes to small businesses, Obamacare might potentially have an adverse effect on the employers and workers. However, at this time we cannot do anything for fellow citizens that are feeling the emotional and monetary distress that they’re enduring as a result of Obamacare. There is a possibility Obamacare will have a negative impact on small businesses. Attributable to the anticipation of Obamacare, small businesses have already started replacing full-time employees with part-time employees. In anticipation of Obamacare, employers need to decide what the most effective economic choice is for his or her business.†¦show more content†¦Small businesses with more than 50 full-time employees with an average annual wage above 250,000 must provide health coverage to full time employees come 2015. This is sometimes called â€Å"The employer mandate†. (Obama Care Facts). Obamacare employer mandate could be a downfall for the most non progressive future for many businesses. Not only will businesses have a hard time flourishing, but the new requirement makes it more expensive for businesses to hire workers in the future along with reducing full-time employees to part-time employees. In anticipation of Obamacare, employers will need to decide w hat the most effective economic choice is for his or her business. The business will have to insure their employees and may qualify for a tax credit or pay a 2,000 penalty a year for each uninsured employee. Obamacare will give small businesses tax breaks and credits to cover small businesses cost increase. Whereas ninety six of employers won’t pay further taxes, there is an increase to the current Medicare Part A, paid by 3% of businesses and employees making over $200,000. There is also a requirement for employers with the equivalent of over 50 full-time employees to obtain health insurance for their workers or pay a penalty by 2015. Employers will have the option of providing health insurance coverage for all of their workers or paying a penalty (â€Å"Opposing employer mandate†). Employers that offer coverage must meet a minimum benefit and contribution requirementShow MoreRelatedThe Medical Coverage of Small Businesses and ObamaCare1907 Words   |  8 PagesObama Care With more than half of the private sector in the United States, small business makes a crucial part of the economy of the country. Out of the 90 million people hired, 50% of them are working in small businesses or small establishments. (Wiatrowski, p 29) Regardless of how popular they are how much success they have had, finding out an exact definition of a small business is very difficult. The Office of Management and Budget states that an establishment or a business is basicallyRead MoreObamacare Will Impose New Health Coverage963 Words   |  4 PagesObamacare will impose new health coverage costs, the employer mandate, compliance regulations, and new taxes on all businesses. Altogether, these constraints will dramatically affect companies’ per-employee costs, desire to provide health coverage, and motivation to grow in terms of both income and employment. Further Burdening Businesses. Obamacare is likely to exacerbate many of the concerns and costs that are already burdening businesses—particularly small-business owners—in at least four waysRead MoreEssay about The Welfare Programs and The Economy in the United States 1138 Words   |  5 PagesSmall businesses are contrived to give all of their employees health care due to Medicare. Through the terms of ObamaCare, small businesses are compelled into closing their doors because of all the hand outs they have to get to their employees. When small business begin to become more successful and make more money, Medicare takes their profits away and gives it to people who dont really need it. ObamaCare and Medicare have both taught ignorant Americans to not get a job because they can get theRead MoreShould the government require every US citizen and business to have affordable healthcare?700 Words   |  3 Pagesworking at your small business when you hear a knock on your office’s door, it is your boss†¦ he comes in; he starts talking about how you were a service to his business; after a long period of talk, he fi res you. You are now on the way home thinking that this day cannot get worse but then you look at your taxes and they have increased. Then you open the TV and you are watching the news â€Å"Obama care will increase taxes for people making more than $250,000 a year as well as force businesses with 50 employeesRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act783 Words   |  3 PagesCare Act (Obamacare) is a healthcare program created by president Obama’s administration. The goal of the Affordable Care Act is to make sure every United States citizen has health insurance. The Affordable Care Act provides â€Å"affordable† health insurance plans to citizens that do not have any and make about $15,000 a year. While the idea of providing health insurance to the millions of American’s that cannot afford it is great, everything comes at a cost. According to Emily Miller, Obamacare is causingRead MoreObamacare : An Imperfect Fix1242 Words   |  5 Pages Obamacare is an Imperfect Fix Since June 6, 2009, President Barack Obama has told the American public numerous times, â€Å"If you like your health care plan, you ll be able to keep your health care plan.† The public later found out that this was not the case. If your health care plan did not satisfy the minimum federal requirements, then you will disinherit your plan and, you must find another one. House republicans have tried to repeal the bill almost 40 times because they claim it is a major threatRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1373 Words   |  6 Pagesbe the president of the United States. As he is the president, he implied many new suggestions in the United States, for example, the Affordable Care Act or The Patient Protection also known as Obamacare. The health care reform also known as The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or simply Obamacare became one of the most ambitious projects in the history of the United States since the mid-1960’s.1 This is the first attempt to reform the U.S. Health Care system of the United States since theRead MoreAffordable Care Act and the Effect on the Economy Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pageshospitals refusing to allow the bill negatively affect them. One of the greatest concerns has been in the area of small businesses. A study from the National Federation of Independent businesses justifies how small businesses have the biggest problem supporting their employees with health benefits. Many Americans speculate whether or not the bill will actually benefit small businesses. Instead of helping the business owners, this law will actually enforce a penalty and fine if they do not supply lowRead MoreHunger of Memory Precis1278 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor J. Flynn November 06, 2013 To Care or Not to Care: Obamacare For the past years, our country’s health care programs have been asked and petitioned to be improved. President Obama took action into account and decided it was time for our nation to have an affordable and well operated health care program, known as Obamacare. A bill that would allow us to grow and succeed at an affordable cost, but to what expense? Obamacare has severe consequences that will harm our nation’s future andRead MoreObamacare : An Controversial Topic Amount American People888 Words   |  4 PagesObamacare is an extremely controversial topic amount American people. What was originally supposed to help the uninsured receive insurance has turned out to be anything but that. Obamacare is one of the most unproductive investments that Obama and his administration team have unveiled. The time and effort they spent on Obamacare could have been spent coming up with a valid and cost effective way for uninsured Americans to obtain health coverage. Obamacare has caused many Americans to remain

Organizational Citizenship Behavior - 4841 Words

Table of contents: Page # 1. Literature Review 1 1.1. What are Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) 1 1.2. OCB and its link with Organization 3 1.3. How OCB’s are exhibited by employees 4 1.4. Importance of OCB 5 1.5. Effect of OCB on employees 6 2. Introduction to Organization 6 2.1. Allied Bank Limited 7 2.2. Meezan Bank Limited 7 2.3. First Women’s Bank 7 2.4. MCB 7 3. Findings and results 8 4. Discussion 12 5. Suggestion 12 6. Conclusion 13 7. Reference 14 Organizational Citizenship Behavior in banking sector Performance measure of the banking sector highly correlated†¦show more content†¦This special behavior has become a lively research field investigated by organizational sociologists, psychologists, and management researchers. However, whereas most of the studies appear to deal with the phenomenon from a behavioral/functional perspective the natural orientation of citizenship to the political science arena is overlooked. Whereas altruism appears representing the help to specific persons. Generalized compliance is a factor defined by a more impersonal sort of conscientiousness. It implies more of a good soldier or good citizen syndrome of doing things that are right and proper, but doing them for the sake of the system rather than for specific persons. In the view of Smith et al. (1983), the two elements represent distinct classes of citizenship. The political aspect of citizenship consists of three elements: Obedience Loyalty Participation Scholars hold different views with respect to the dimensionality of OCB. Smith, Organ in near 1983 conceptualized OCB with two dimensions: Altruism (behavior targeted specifically at helping individuals) Generalized or compliance (behavior reflecting compliance with general rules, norms, and expectations). Later Organ (1988) identified five dimensions belonging to OCBs: Altruism, Courtesy, Civic Virtue Conscientiousness Sportsmanship Largely based on Organ s (1988)Show MoreRelatedNotes On Organizational Citizenship Behavior1703 Words   |  7 Pages In reference to Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) – the individual behavior which is elective, and is not directly or explicitly recognized by a formal reward system, and that promotes the effective functioning of the organization, and has been studied beginning in the 1970s, this article covers the study of numerous predictors of OCB in the Gulf of Saudi Arabia which consisted of surveying close to 300 private and public employees. The types of predictors which were studied includeRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behavior Is Defined As A Set Of Behaviors1669 Words   |  7 Pages Literature review Introduction: Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as a set of behaviors which extends from one s basic requirements of job. Generally, organizational citizenship is extra role behavior or a variety of behaviors like helping colleagues and organization by presenting it in a positive way in front of others and by doing over time voluntarily. The first research made on organizational citizenship behavior was by Bateman and Organ in 1980 s. They presented their genuineRead MoreEmployee Job Satisfaction Has A Large Impact On Their Organization806 Words   |  4 Pagesdissatisfied can lead to high turnover, higher absenteeism, affect their overall job performance, and impact customer satisfaction (Robbins Judge, 2009 pp 87-89). This post will discuss the impact job satisfaction has in regards to organizational citizenship behavior and employee engagement. Causes of Job Satisfaction There are several factors that influence an employee’s satisfaction in their job. Some of the factors that impact an employee’s satisfaction are pay, advancement opportunitiesRead MoreOrganizational Justice : Impact On Job Satisfaction Among Employees And Their Organisational Citizenship Behaviour1782 Words   |  8 PagesORGANISATIONAL JUSTICE : IMPACT ON JOB SATISFACTION AMONG EMPLOYEES AND THEIR ORGANISATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR INTRODUCTION: Organizational Justice is one of the very important components of understanding the behavior of an organization. It is a concept wherein an individual considers the organization he or she is working for is just or not. It is an individual’s perception of his or her employer being fair to him or her or not. The justice or the fairness can be in terms of workplace proceduresRead MoreOrganizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) Essay1796 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿What is organizational citizenship? Explain the links between the various types of organizational citizenship behaviors and job-related outcomes. In what ways does organizational citizenship affect organizational performance? Illustrate with examples where appropriate. Organizational Citizenship Organizational citizenship is an organizational success that consists of supports from the volunteers of individuals and behavior (Business Dictionary 2013). Organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB)Read MorePandaExpress Essay835 Words   |  4 Pages University Organizational Behavior MSB-730 March 09, 2014 Panda Express Question 9.1 Does it make business sense for a CEO to prioritize self-improvement on the part of his employees? Does it make more sense in some industries or types of businesses than others? It makes great business sense for the CEO to prioritize self-improvement for employees. This is a smart move to coach employees in performing citizenship behavior on the job. Organizational citizenship behavior benefits the entireRead MoreWorkplace Intervention On Work Family Conflict1203 Words   |  5 Pagestasks and some organizational rules are often seen as stressors by workers from different fields. Ethic organizations sought to improve the work quality which leads to performance in many ways. Lawson et al. (2016), studied the impact of workplace intervention on work-family conflict. These authors found a positive effect of workplace intervention on improving affective reactivity behavior to daily stressors. LePine, M. A., et al. (2015), suggests that charismatic leader behaviors considered challengeRead MoreChange Management Strategies For New Merged Company1387 Words   |  6 Pagesnow. Celebrate those with the new merged company; create new stories with new events, progra ms, and by starting new traditions for the organization. This gives an identity to the new organization, creates the new culture, and begins establishing organizational socialization. 5. Change Management Strategy. The most appropriate set of change management strategies to use for implementing change would be an appreciative inquiry approach. A merging of two companies creates a plethora of unknowns for all;Read MoreRelationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction2039 Words   |  9 Pagesperformance is formally defined as the value of the set of employee behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment (Colquitt, Wesson and LePine, 2009, p. 37). Job performance comprises of actions which are under the employees’ control, however it puts a limit on which actions are and are not significant to job performance. Under job performance, there are mainly three behaviors fit into categories that are significant. Task and contextual performanceRead MoreStudent Choices Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesAnswer for Case 1A: Trader Joe’s 1. How does Trader Joe’s design jobs for increased job satisfaction and higher performance? Job satisfaction has positive relationship with higher performance. The satisfied employees will produce organizational citizenship behaviors which will impact on the higher performance workforce. Trader Joe’s has designed jobs to increase job satisfaction by showing appreciation in providing more benefits to their employees than other chain grocers. Trader Joe’s provide

Chilean Mine Free Essays

Over two months trapped underground waiting to be rescued their waiting had finally come to an end on October 13, 2010. Two months ago on August 5th, 2010, in the city of Copiapo, Chile, near the Atacama desert an underground mining had collapsed trapping 33 miners 2300 feet below the surface. Now, given under the circumstances that the mine had a history of previous accidents and deaths, this led everyone to believe that the 33 men underground had died in the rumble. We will write a custom essay sample on Chilean Mine or any similar topic only for you Order Now What will become of them? Having to be open-minded in such a gloom situation, was difficult nowing that the miners were still alive and well. There had to be something done to help them. The first thing that needs to be done is understand the crisis or disaster, only after that can a decision is made as how to handle the situation. In a situation like this it is best to appoint someone who can handle the discussions that arise and control the media. someone who can think outside the box and be sincere In executing the task at hand. Someone who Is not afraid to ask questions and Is well versed with business rule: When you cannot answer the question, get someone who can. (Crisis Management 5th Para. Not only will this be the best for the company but for the families of the miners as well. Some considerations to remember is that the audience may be emotionally distressed and when communicating with them about the topic that we are straight forward. There has to be control in such a chaotic situation. Their expectations want to be addressed. How quickly will this be resolved? When will their loved ones come home They want answers, The needs of the families receiving the messages of this incident would want to know that their families would be coming home safely and that there is a plan to get the know out I OF3 saTely. Also, Is tnere a support system to nelp out tne Tamllles going tnrougn t crisis? Some family members, such as the children of those trapped below may need therapy. The families may want to know as well if there will be any compensation for what had happened. Will the company do what’s right or Just walk away? Another potential need about receiving a message would be that, is the company safe? What measures have taken place to ensure the safety of the employees? Have preventive measures been taken so it won’t happen again? The people would want to know that the company is doing something for their fellow employees trapped below. They would want to see that the company is taking steps to show that they care about what happened to their employees and that something like this would not happen again. Actions that would be taken before delivering the message is make sure that the one person appointed is an expert to read a memo and handle any questions that arise in the public. Also, at times of chaos there has to some level of comfort, tell them what they would want to hear. Letting them know that their loved ones are well, and that all steps are being taken to bring them home safely can bring them some ease. In any crisis or tragedy there are precautions take and how to handle the situation. The main concern is, how is the message being delivered and how the audience will will react to it. The key component is to communicate and show sympathy for the employees and families. Such a message would be delivered in person, face to face especially with the families involved. Another way would be to broad cast it so that city sees your trying to do what is best to bring them home safely. To hide behind letters and not be a around shows no empathy or concerns for the individuals that are involved. Our thoughts and prayers go out to those affected by this tragedy. Memo to Family Members and Employees As you may have heard on August 5th, 2010, there was a tragic accident in the mines of Chile located deep in the Atacama desert. The mine had caved in trapping 33 of our miners 2300 feet underground. They are working diligently to find the men and ensure that they have enough food and water to help them while they wait to be rescued. There are three large teams including the expertise of N. A. S. A working on ensuring their safe return to their loved ones. We know that working in the mining usiness can often be hard and cruel but I assure we are doing everything possible to bring them home. As more information or changes develop, the families will be the first to be notified and if there are any questions or needs please feel free to contact us. Our thoughts and prayers are with you and your loved ones. How to cite Chilean Mine, Papers

Importance of Organizational Change Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Organizational Change. Answer: Concept of organizational change Organizational change refers to the modification of the existing structure in an organization. However, incorporation of the new features or developments of the new infrastructure in an organization is also associated with the organization change. In order to gain competitive advantages it is crucial for an organization to carry out their business operation efficiently and effectively (Morin et al., 2016). Any business should embrace change in their organization to achieve the success. Change allows the business to alter their working environment. On the other hand, some internal and external forces are associated with the organizational change as these make an easy way through which the change can occur frequently. Political, social, economic and technological factors involved in the change management. However, change can be positive or negative. It may lead the organization towards success or affect its continuity (Benzer et al., 2017). In the contemporary organization, change can improve the efficiency of the staffs as well as the organizational performance. On the other hand, it can be said that individuals are accustomed to a specific lifestyle and any variation in this life can be termed as change. In an organization, change may bring positive culture in the workplace that will lead the organization to meet the goals. Importance of organizational change for the contemporary organization Fast moving environment is crucial for any business in the recent years to gain the competitive advantage in the global market. However, without incorporating a change in the system the business will lose their competitive edge (Burke, 2017). Without a change, the business cannot be able to meet the demand of the customers and to build the base of the customer loyalty. Implementation of the change in the contemporary organization makes the organization dynamic. On the other hand, organizational change enables the business owner to address the issues in their system and develop a necessary solution to mitigate such changes. When an organization face changes then they need to identify the scope of the changes from which they get benefits. Change focuses on the adoption of new technology that is crucial for every organization (Doppelt, 2017). Through the implementation of the changes in an organization, the contemporary organization can increase their productivity. Customer needs change over the time, as a result, it is important for the organization to embrace change and meet the growing demand of the customers. Therefore, change gives an opportunity to the employees to learn more and develop their skills, which makes them creative and allows them to share new ideas regarding the organizational success. Training is a crucial part of the organizational change to develop the skill of the employees. Discussion of the reason for which the change management fails in an organization Poorplanning of the change management is a big reason for the failure of new changes in an organization (McLean, Antony Dahlgaard, 2017). However, often the leaders in an organization focus on the implementation of a new system in a business without preparing a proper planning. This affects the success of a changemanagement in an organization. Lack of resources is another barrier to the successful change management. Due to lack of financial and human resources change management fails. On the other hand, inadequate support from the leaders is another big reason for the failure of change management as if the stakeholders are not involved properly then it is hard for the organization to facilitate change. As for example, Nokia has introduced an open source strategy and created a hybrid model in their business to gain competitive advantages. However, the stakeholders engagement in this process was very poor as there was a communication gap (Ciesielska, 2017). Hence, the stakeholders wer e unable to share their vision with the leader. It is important for an organization to engage their stakeholders while transferring their business from one-step to another (Eberhart et al., 2017). Due to the poor collaboration of stakeholders implementation of the hybrid model in Nokia failed and the position of Nokia in the mobile technology market becomes affected. Discussion of the further reason for the failure of change management in an organization Leaders often focus more on the system rather than the people of an organization while implementing a change in the organization (McLean, Antony Dahlgaard, 2017). This is a big factor for, which the organizational change fails. On the other hand, a mismatch between the organizational culture and the new system is another big reason that affects the success of the organizational change. As for example, Avinor is the Norwegian airport management and air navigation service provider faced challenges during their change management. However, there was a mismatch between the implemented change and the type of the organizational culture (Lofquist, 2011). They have implemented a new operation system in their business. During this process, the authority of the organization did not follow the organization culture, which led the organization to face issues during their change management. However, it is important for the organization to implement change that should fit with organizational cultur e to gain success. Hence, in the context of Avinor, the change management failed due to the dissimilarities between the implemented change and the organizational culture. References Benzer, J. K., Charns, M. P., Hamdan, S., Afable, M. (2017). The role of organizational structure in readiness for change: A conceptual integration.Health Services Management Research,30(1), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951484816682396 Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Ciesielska, M. (2017). Nokia on the slope: The failure of a hybrid open/closed source model.The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 1465750317742843. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750317742843 Doppelt, B. (2017).Leading change toward sustainability: A change-management guide for business, government and civil society. Routledge. Eberhart, R. N., Eesley, C. E., Eisenhardt, K. M. (2017). Failure is an option: Institutional change, entrepreneurial risk, and new firm growth.Organization Science,28(1), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1110 Lofquist, E. A. (2011). Doomed to fail: A case study of change implementation collapse in the Norwegian civil aviation industry.Journal of Change Management,11(2), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSMA-06-2014-0041 McLean, R. S., Antony, J., Dahlgaard, J. J. (2017). Failure of Continuous Improvement initiatives in manufacturing environments: a systematic review of the evidence.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,28(3-4), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2015.1063414 Morin, A. J., Meyer, J. P., Blanger, ., Boudrias, J. S., Gagn, M., Parker, P. D. (2016). Longitudinal associations between employees beliefs about the quality of the change management process, affective commitment to change and psychological empowerment.human relations,69(3), 839-867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726715602046

Human Resources in the Healthcare Sector

My medical practice area is that of a privately owned clinic. This clinic will be located in the State of Florida in the United States. The customer type for my clinic will be patients and those people who need medical consultation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Human Resources in the Healthcare Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More My stakeholders will be the local government, the ministry of public health, other clinicians and my customers or clients. My strategic partners will include the major hospitals, labor unions and pharmaceuticals. The mission of my clinic will be to heal where others try while the vision will be to become the most reliable and trusted clinic in the State of Florida. The corporate status of my clinic will be a profit based organization. The core values of the organization will be honesty, professionalism, diligence, hard work, respect of human dignity and conservation of our enviro nment. Human resources are arguably the most important of all resources in an organization, be it a public or private sector organization. Human resources comprise of people, who are trained or have acquired certain skills, knowledge and expertise in various fields. Some people may have one type of skill while others may have multiple skills. Human resources are what drive organizations in the sense that they operationalize organizations. Human resources may include staff, employees, technicians and various specialists. Human resource management is therefore the art of managing people in order for them to be productive (Savage Fottler, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the healthcare sector, human resources comprise of doctors, nurses, administrators and various specialists like dentists, gynecologists among others. The management of human resources in the healthca re sector plays a very crucial role in ensuring that the sector meets the expectations of the public. The role of the healthcare sector is to prevent diseases and cure or treat people while the role of the people is to give the nurses and doctors the necessary support. However, the relationship between the healthcare providers and the public is not of much importance. This is because it is determined by the manner in which the human resources are managed within the sector. If properly managed, the sector relationship with the public would be excellent while if poorly managed, it would be very poor. In the healthcare sector, management of human resources may comprise various things. One of them is the motivation of healthcare staff. This may comprise improvement of the work environment, proper remuneration of staff, and the on-the-job training of staff for them to enhance their knowledge in their respective fields. In order for the healthcare staff to function optimally, there is nee d to provide them with the proper equipments and materials. They need to have enough drugs as well as other materials for their work. They also need to be housed properly as well as be provided with regular leaves so as to avoid instances of being overworked. This is because many healthcare organizations, both public and private are usually understaffed (McConnell Fallon, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Human Resources in the Healthcare Sector specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also worth mentioning is the issue of workforce migration. Many healthcare researchers do agree that there is need to look into the issue of migration of healthcare providers to various countries where there are greener pastures characterized by attractive pay packages and better working environment. Migration of workforce leads to a crisis because those who are left are usually overworked and thus poorly motivated, which leads to poor service delivery. All efforts should therefore be made by any government to ensure that the healthcare sector is well funded to prevent such migration (Niles, 2013). One of the effects of human resource management in the healthcare sector in service delivery is that proper human resource management is directly proportional to service delivery. As explained above, if the human resources, in this case doctors, nurses and other staff in the healthcare sector are properly motivated and provided with what they need in their work, then the service delivery to the public would always be good. The reverse is also true. Another effect on the future service delivery in the healthcare sector is that proper human resource management may help curb the problem of workforce migration thus improving on service delivery (Pynes Lombardi, 2011). One aspect of quality and best practice in human resource management in the healthcare sector is the observation of best practices in the healthcare sec tor. The healthcare providers, through proper management should uphold best practices such as observing the code of conduct as well as respecting the ethics of the medical profession. Above all, they should put the interest of the patients first irrespective of the circumstances.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They should be seen to act for the best interest of their clients and handle them with dignity. Other forms of best practice are to observe professionalism in their work so as to make the patients have confidence in them, which enhances healing. References McConnell, C.R., Fallon, L.F. (2007).Human resource management in healthcare principles and practice. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Niles, N.J. (2013).Basic concepts of health care human resource management. Burlington, Mass: Jones Bartlett Learning. Pynes, J., Lombardi, D.N. (2011). Strategic management of HR in healthcare is important in delivering high-quality patient care. (1st Ed). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. SavageG.T., Fottler, M.D. (2010). Advances in Health Care Management. Bradford : Emerald Group Publishers. This report on Human Resources in the Healthcare Sector was written and submitted by user Blake Velasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Books for Boys Recommended by Librarians

Books for Boys Recommended by Librarians If you are looking for books for boys, from young children to tweens and teens, youll be interested in these reading lists recommended by librarians. The books on these reading lists include childrens books and young adult (YA) books that will appeal to a wide range of ages and interests. Even boys who complain they can never find anything good to read and, as a result, are reluctant readers, should be able to find books they enjoy on some of these lists. 8 Reading Lists For Boys Young Adult Books with Guy AppealTeen librarian Jennifer Kendall recommends 10 books that have proven to be very popular with teen boys. Science fiction, fantasy, action, and adventure continue to be genres that teen boys particularly like.Great Books for BoysThis article and list of books recommended for boys come  from The National Childrens Book and Literacy Alliance. It includes a list of books recommended by The Horn Book in these categories: Picture Books, Middle-Grade Fiction, Young Adult Fiction, Non-fiction Middle School/High School and Poetry.Adventures in History for BoysThis brief reading list from the Central Rappahannock Regional Library in Virginia includes cover art and a brief summary for under a dozen books of historical fiction recommended for older boys.Especially for BoysThis annotated reading list of recommended books for boys is from the St. Charles Public Library in Illinois. It includes cover art and a brief summary of 160 books recommended for boys, from p reschool age through eighth grade. To narrow your search, you can search by grade range, which is very helpful. Recommended books include Richard Pecks A Season of Gifts and several by Sharon Creech. Good Books for GuysThe Multnomah County Library in Oregon provides five reading lists, divided by grade levels: Small Fries: Pre-K, Young Guys: 1-3, Middle Guys: 4-6, Large Fries: 7-8, Older Guys: 9-12. While not annotated, the lists include cover art. Among the series recommended for boys in grades 4-6 are Percy Jackson and the Olympians.Chapter Books for BoysThis annotated reading list from the Salt Lake City Public Library in Utah includes three dozen books. The list includes Dear Mr. Henshaw by Beverly Cleary and My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George.Picture Books for BoysThe annotated reading list of 20 picture books includes  Where the Wild Things Are  by  Maurice Sendak. This is an annotated list from the Salt Lake City Public Library in Utah. Click on â€Å"check availability† to see the cover art. For General Information on Encouraging Reading Because the article covers a wide age range, all of the tips may not apply to your child. But some of the best tips include making sure your children see you reading on a regular basis, fully utilizing your public library, taking the time to help your child find books that match his interests and reading level and sharing books by reading them aloud and discussing them with your children.

Portfolio of documents and exercises 04101 Essay

Portfolio of documents and exercises 04101 - Essay Example Include organising, leading or group activities. Those requiring initiative, creativity or giving intellectual development are also of interest. The following questions are designed to encourage you to provide specific abilities. Your examples can be taken from your education, work experience, placements or spare-time or other voluntary activities but do not write solely about course-work. Describe a challenging project, activity or event which you have planned and taken through to a conclusion. Include your objective, what you did, any changes you made to your plan and state how you measured your success. ï‚ · To analyze the extent of change in customer satisfaction due to either a change in customer expectations over Mobile Number Portability services before and after availing it or a change in the services provided by the mobile network operators to its customers which further lead them to avail MNP. ï‚ · Thus to suggest strategic and tactical actions for slowing down the rate of customer loss, increase customer satisfaction and attracting customers who are unhappy with their existing service contributor. Describe how you achieved a goal through influencing the actions or opinions of others (perhaps in a team context). What were the circumstances? What did you do to make a difference? How do you know the result was satisfactory? During the second year of my studies, I had a group assignment which required all the group members to prepare a presentation on one of our course modules. I myself chose to lead the team precisely because I could understand that other individuals in the team were reluctant to lead the way. The first major circumstance that came in front of me was that my team was formed of people belonging from different culture. This was mainly due to the fact that the five individuals within the group came from different countries. Therefore, it was important for me to understand the acceptance, tolerance and

Trucks Load Indicator also known by Electronic load indicator or Axle Research Paper

Trucks Load Indicator also known by Electronic load indicator or Axle load Indicator - Research Paper Example In addition, it is for this reason that several truck companies like Volvo, have embraced the use of axle load indicators in the trucks manufactured by their companies. Those who have been exposed to trucks will attest to the fact that they have axles. The number of the axles, however, varies depending on the truck with some of them having two axles whereas some have close to twelve axles. Overtime various stakeholders realized that there were several instances where the axles installed within the trucks were overloaded, and this always acted as a disadvantage for the truck (Butcher, 2005). To control the problem of weights, the stakeholders, came up with the axle load indicator and since then the original version has been altered with the aim of improving it. It is to this effect that several companies that produce axle load indicators like Airtec Corporation produce axle load indicators with optic switches. Some of the companies also produce axle load indicators, which contain rheostats instead of the normal electric switches. History, however, does not mention the exact individual who came up with the axle load indicator. Therefore, there is the need to appreciate the person because his invention has made handling the trailers much simple. For the axle load indicator to be operational, it has to be installed. It is far reaching to recognize the fact that the production companies have designed the axle load indicators in such a way that any able operator can do the installation (ARO, 2011). For surety reasons, however, there are dealers who deal specifically with the installation of the axle load indicators. The companies that do the production can as well avail their engineers to do the installation though at a cost. The installation, however, can be done through connecting the axle load indicator to the light circuit of the truck. Operationally, the truckload indicator registers some calibrations

Why Has the UN Security Council Been So Unsuccessful in Its Attempts Essay

Why Has the UN Security Council Been So Unsuccessful in Its Attempts at Managing World Order - Essay Example To achieve the United Nation’s objective, significant effort has been evident. Nevertheless, in most cases, the results have fallen far short from the goals. In order to meet its goals, the UN has regularly held global conferences to address the security issues. Several factors have contributed to the UNSC’s unsuccessful management global order. One of the factors is the lack of transparency of the council. There have been conflicts regarding the restructuring of the council (Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, 2005). The members cannot agree on whether to expand the council or let it remain the same. Additionally, lack of democracy in the council has made some states to have a negative attitude towards it. Some of these states do not trust it, and this makes it difficult for it to maintain peace among the conflicting states. The UNSC cannot settle the dispute among the sates that fail to trust it because they will not give it permission to do it. Lack of impleme ntation of resolutions According to Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly (2005), in recent years, the United Nations Security Council has adopted resolutions, but relevant persons fail to implement them basing on their ignorant nature. For this reason, violation of international laws has been evident; hence, conflicts worsening (Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, 2005). ... Therefore, people do not believe that the UN can bring them peace. Craving for power According to Karen (2011), The UN has not achieved much as far as peace is concerned because of the craving for power. Craving for power has made the governing class in all countries to be hostile to the inadequacy of the nationwide autonomy. The powerful minorities influence the masses, and many of them already have an objective for destructions (Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly, 2005). This has hindered the United Nation Security Council from achieving it goal of maintaining the world order. UK and US war against Iraq According to Karen (2011), The United Nations suffered a great setback when UK and US announced war against Iraq. They declared war against Iraq claiming that it posses huge quantities of mass-destructive arms. The US defined its actions as ‘pre-emptive’ measure, but until now, no WMD existent and they US still carry out its activities in Iraq. The third world co unties are opposing the US’s actions against the Iraq, and are blaming the United Nations Security Council for failing to prevent this. Hence, this has lowered the relevance of the UN Security Council globally. The individuals who believe in the collective response to global security issues could see the difficulties that the UN underwent because of the Iraq war. This is because the war made the confidence in the multilateral system to be undermined. Disagreements in reformation According to Knight (2001), the UN General Assembly has been debating for many years regarding the council reformation but has never reached an agreement. The G4 proposed to be the permanent members of the Security Council. Their permanent membership would augment the Council members. This proposal was opposed by

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Screening Programme

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Screening Programme Susmi Suresh Role of the National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Ultrasound Screening Programme in Improving Health Outcomes: a systematic review Abstract Background: Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is one of the common conditions that affect men aged 65 and older. Described as a ticking bomb(1), rupture of such an aneurysm results in fatal bleeding and death. Early detection allows appropriate treatment to be given to patients as an effort to reduce mortality rates. The National Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening programme, an initiative of Public Health England, offers screening to men in the prevalence group by following its objective of reducing mortality rates of preventable illnesses(2). Ultrasonography is the chosen imaging modality due to its high sensitivity and specificity(3). The aim of this study is to examine current literature on AAA and to understand whether screening programmes are effective enough to reduce mortality rates of AAA. Quality of life (QoL) as a health outcome will also be examined and evidence analysed, to see whether screening programmes affect patients quality of life. Method: A thorough search of prominent databases was carried out and the search-results underwent application of inclusion and exclusion criteria developed for this review. Four major randomised controlled trials were identified. Following data extraction, quality assessment was carried out using the CASP tool. Risk of bias was checked using the Cochranes tool for assessing risk of bias. All of these ensured a valid conclusion to be drawn.   Results: The four chosen RCTs were the MASS trial, the Chichester trial, the Viborg trial and the WA trial. The Mass and Chichester trials were conducted in the UK whereas the Viborg and WA trials were carried out in Denmark and Australia, respectively. The data pool of 125595 people added to the reliability of the findings of this review. A significant reduction in mortality rates of AAA was found in the intervention groups following an ultrasound screening of the abdominal aorta(4-7). QoL was looked at as the secondary outcome in the MASS trial which concluded that there was no adverse effect on QoL(4). Conclusion: The review showed evidence on reduced AAA mortality rates in men aged 65 and older following ultrasound screening. No adverse effect in patients QoL was found. The NAAASP is a commendable initiative of Public Health England and it is suggested that similar screening programmes be introduced through an evidence-based healthcare. Introduction       An aneurysm forms when a section of a weakened arterial wall dilates permanently. The walls of an artery can weaken and dilate due to cardiovascular diseases like arteriosclerosis, inflammation of the arterial wall or trauma. When this dilation occurs in the abdominal aorta, which runs from T12 to L5, it is considered to be an Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)(8). Several studies have found smoking, hypertension and alcohol consumption to be the major risk factors of AAA(9). A family history of AAA is also considered to be a risk factor(10). AAA is age and sex-dependent as concluded by a retrospective prevalence study that looked at a cohort of 100,000 men and women each. The prevalence among men was found to increase rapidly after the age of 55 and that among women increases after the age of 70(11). Therefore, women are considered to be at low risk of developing AAA and hence screening programmes focus on a male population of 65 years or older(12). Patients are mostly asymptomatic and where symptoms do present, these could be abdominal pain, flank pain, back pain, groin pain, or syncope. A palpable pulsating abdominal mass could also be found during examination. An aneurysm once formed, grows in size until it bursts, leading to fatal bleeding. Only 2 in 10 people with a ruptured aneurysm survive if not treated with emergency AAA repair surgery(13). The survival rate among those who receive surgery is 94%(14). AAAs are detected using an ultrasound scan (US), which is considered to be the most effective screening modality with high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (99%) rates(15). The US is safe, cheap, quick, and non-invasive, and provides results immediately. It is widely accepted as a valid screening method and the aorta can be visualised in 99% of patients(15). Compared to CT scans which can sometimes overestimate the diameter of aneurysms in the oblique plane(15), ultrasound continues to be the choice of screening modality. In 2014, around 2000 men died from ruptured AAA, accounting for around 1% of all registered deaths in men aged 65 and over(16). Past records show a reduction in mortality in England from 7.5% in 2009 to 1.6% in 2012(17). This sheds light on the National AAA Screening Programme (NAAASP) offered by the NHS. Early detection via screening of a large aneurysm of above 5.5cm, means that patients are given the choice of repair surgery thereby increasing their survival rate by 69%(8, 18). Surveillance is offered to patients with a small or medium aneurysm of 3-4.4cm and 4.5-5.4cm, respectively(19, 20). This is through an ultrasound scan every twelve or three months for small and medium aneurysms, respectively. Screening aims to reduce the risk of developing a disease in a healthy population who have no signs of illness with respect to the condition being screened. The NAAASP is based on the policies recommended by the UK National Screening Committee in 2005 following the results of the largest randomised controlled trial about AAA, the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study (MASS), which showed that screening reduces mortality by 40% after 10 years(21). Implemented in 2009, the programme achieved a nationwide coverage by the end of 2013. The programme aims to reduce AAA mortality by providing a systematic population-based screening programme for the male population during their 65th year and on request, for men over 65(22). This falls under Domain 2 and 4 of the Public Health Outcomes Framework provided by the Department of Health, with the objectives to help people to live healthy lifestyles and, to reduce the number of people living with preventable ill health and people dying prematurely(22), respectively. NAAASP Annual Data 2014/15 shows that a total of 280,520 men were screened and 83.2% had a conclusive screen(23). During the screening year 2013/14, this was 82% out of a total of 287,126 men(24). Depending on the size of the aneurysm, either surveillance or surgery was offered. Overall, the programme aims to achieve the health outcome of reduced mortality. Quality of life is also reported as a health outcome as shown by several retrospective, observational and cohort studies conducted on patients(25-27). Knowledge on the success of screening programmes like NAAASP remains limited. The aim of this review, therefore, is to examine current evidence on whether a screening programme improves health outcomes, namely reduced mortality and improved quality of life, by critically and systematically reviewing literature using the quality assessment tools of the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP). This will be achieved through the following objectives: Develop inclusion and exclusion criteria based on PICOS relating to AAA and ultrasound scanning Carry out a systematic search of databases- Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane Database, OneSearch and the ISRCTN Registry (BioMed Central). Filter the search using the inclusion and exclusion criteria and carry out data-extraction using the Cochrane Data Collection form Carry out quality assessment using the CASP tool and use the Cochrane tool to assess risk of bias Conduct an analysis, focusing on mortality and quality of life as the health outcomes Methods Although evidence exists on the accuracy of using ultrasonography for detecting abdominal aortic aneurysms(3) and the validity of the scan results is widely accepted due to its high sensitivity and specificity(3), the process of abdominal aortic scanning was decided to be reviewed first(Appendix A). Prior to conducting the search, inclusion and exclusion criteria were set (Table 1)(28). Following this, databases were chosen for the search-topic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. These included PubMed/MEDLINE, ISRCTN Registry, Web of Science, Lancaster University/OneSearch and the Cochrane Database. Search strategies were developed for each source and search filters were decided (Table 3-7). Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms were used to further refine the results (Table 2). Overall, seventy-four articles were found and after removing duplicates, forty-nine remained. These were subjected to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, thus narrowing down the results to seventeen relevant articles. The reference lists of the retrieved articles were further reviewed for any relevant cited papers. This process was repeated until no relevant articles were found. Four major randomised clinical trials were identified from these. These were reviewed after undergoing data extraction and quality assessment. Data extraction was carried out using Cochranes data extraction tool and this allowed for a full-text screening that removed any ineligible studies. Moreover, the use of a standardised form increased the validity and reliability of this review whilst also reducing any risk of bias(28). Finally, the trials were critically appraised using the CASP tool. This enabled identifying risk of bias within the trials, particularly selection bias, performance bias and reporting bias. Table 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Population General population of males aged 65 years or older Patients who are asymptomatic and symptomatic who were involved in AAA screening Patients from all ethnicities Patients of all socioeconomic status Trials that include females, younger children and males younger than 65 years since AAA is age and sex specific Intervention Ultrasound Screening for AAA Any other imaging modalities like CT, MRI or radiography Comparison Non-screened population Aneurysm Aortic Aneurysm Thoracic Aneurysm Outcome (s) Mortality Quality of Life Study Design Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) Trials that look at AAA detection using Ultrasonography Articles in the English language Articles from the time period starting from approximately 20 years before the NAAASP programme came into effect, i.e., 1985 to present Full articles All other types of studies such as qualitative studies, observational studies, cohort or case-series studies. Articles in foreign languages Studies conducted outside this time period Articles that are not fully available Table 2  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medical Search Headings (MeSH) Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Mass Screening Ultrasonography Rupture Table 3 PubMed Search Strategy/Method Results Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 23,807 Mass Screening 128,434 Ultrasonography 386,798 Rupture 109,121 AAA + MS 599 AAA + MS + US 300 AAA + MS +US + Rupture 102 AAA + MS +US + RCTs 23 AAA + MS +US + Rupture + RCTs 11 Table 4 Web of Science Search Strategy/Method Results Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 18,625 Mass Screening 43,081 Ultrasonography 80,257 Rupture 119,830 AAA + MS 131 AAA + MS + US 23 AAA + MS +US + Rupture 12 Limit English 11 Table 5 Cochrane Library (RCTs only) Search Strategy/Method Results Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 702 Mass Screening 3827 Ultrasonography 11,318 Rupture 3097 AAA + MS 46 AAA + MS + US 23 AAA + MS +US + Rupture 10 Table 6 OneSearch Search Strategy/Method Results Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 27,819 Mass Screening 73,090 Ultrasonography 122,460 Rupture 94738 AAA + MS 604 AAA + MS + US 123 AAA + MS +US + Rupture 42 Limit Articles 39 Table 7 ISRCTN Registry/BioMed Central Search Strategy/Method Results Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 37 Mass Screening 328 Ultrasonography 88 Rupture 176 AAA + MS 3 Results Four dominant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were identified- the Multicentre Aneurysm Screening Study(4) (MASS) conducted between 1997 to 1999; the Chichester Study(5), 1988 to 1991; the Viborg County Trial(6), 1994 to 1998 and; the Western Australia (WA) Trial(7), 1996. These collectively showed that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced in the population following an ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta (Table 8). The Mass and Chichester trials were carried out in the UK and had a participant number of 67,770 men aged 65 to 74 years and 6040 men aged 65-80 years, respectively. The Viborg Country trial was conducted in the Viborg county of Denmark with a participant number of   12,639 men aged 65-73 years; the WA trial, carried out   in the province of Western Australia included 41,000 men aged 65-79. All these trials used ultrasound screening of the abdomen to detect AAA and measured AAA-mortality as the primary outcome(4-7). The secondary outcomes of all trials were all-cause mortality. However the Mass trial also measured quality of life and cost-effectiveness as the secondary outcomes. Cost-effectiveness was also measured by the Viborg trial as the secondary outcome. Participants were randomly selected and randomisation was computer-generated(4-7). Mass and Chichester trials recruited participants via GP registers based on gender and date of birth. In the Mass trial, some were excluded if the GP considered them to terminally ill, had other health problems or had undergone AAA repair(4). In the Viborg trial, recruitment was through the countys health department and WA participants were selected from the electoral roll(6, 7). The WA trial excluded those men who were too far from the screening location; the Viborg trial had no such exclusions. MASS Trial The intervention group composed of 33839 men and the control group, 1333 men. Attendance was 80% and the median follow-up was ten years(4). 65 men died in the intervention group and 113 died in the control group, due to AAA. Mortality data was taken from death registry provided by the Office of National Statistics (ONS). The study concluded that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced by up to half, following ultrasound screening. There was a 42% reduction in the intervention group, hazard ratio (HR) 0.58 95% CI (0.42-0.78)(4). The study also measured mood and health status outcomes such as state anxiety, depression, and health-status measures such as mental and physical health, and self-rated health(4, 13). These were calculated at intervals of six weeks after screening and, 3 and 12 months after detection of aneurysm or surgery. There were no significant changes in anxiety and depression and these remained within the recommendations(4). However, those screened negative and undergoing surveillance scored higher in health-status measures. This trend continued until 3 months after screening(4). However at 12 months, those who had undergone surgery scored higher than those in surveillance. They also self-rated higher, similar to those screened negative(4). Despite these results, the authors refrained from making a conclusive statement on quality of life. In the intervention group, there was an increase in the number of elective surgeries, odds ratio (OR)- 2.45 95% CI (2.02-2.97)(4). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the overall 30-day mortality after elective surgery in the intervention and control groups; this remained at 6%. However, unnecessary surgery and the risk of overdiagnosis are seen as factors reducing the overall quality of life(29). So even though this increase in elective surgery in the intervention group and its effects could be used as a measure of quality of life, the authors did not make such a link. Chichester Trial The intervention group composed of 2995 men and the control group, 3045 men. The median follow-up was fifteen years and the attendance rate, 74%, decreased with age. About 33.8% of men in the age range of 76-80 years declined compared to 19.5% in the age group of 65 years(5). 10 men died in the intervention group and 17 died in the control group, due to AAA-related causes. Like the Mass trial, mortality data was taken from the ONS Death Registry. The study found no differences in mortality rates in the two groups up to four years from screening. However, over 15 years, mortality was found to be reduced in the intervention group by 11%. This was not considered as a significant reduction, HR 0.89 95% CI (0.60-1.32) (5). Viborg Trial The intervention group composed of 6339 men and the control group, 6319 men. Attendance was 76% and the maximum follow-up was fourteen years(6). 6 men died in the intervention group, compared to 19 in the control group. Mortality data was taken from the national registry. There was a significant reduction in AAA-related hospital mortality, OR-0.31 95% CI (0.13-0.79)(6). The study recommends screening men aged 65 years to reduce AAA-mortality. However since the study only noted deaths from AAA in a hospital setting in the county of Viborg, this finding cannot be expanded to other countries. Western Australia Trial The intervention and control groups composed of 19352 men each. Attendance rate was 70% and the maximum follow-up was 43-months(7). 18 men died in the intervention group and 25 died in the control group. Mortality data was taken from the national death registry and the hospital registry. The study found that there was no significant reduction in mortality following ultrasound scanning in the intervention group of men aged 65-83 years in Western Australia, OR- 0.72 95% CI (0.39-1.32)(7). However the study noted that in the subgroup of men aged 65-75 years, mortality was found to be reduced(7). Table 8 AAA mortality: raw data Trial Deaths in Screened Deaths in Unscreened Odds Ratio (95% CI) MASS 65/33,839 113/33,961 0.58 (0.42 to 0.78) Chichester 10/3205 17/3228 0.59 (0.27 to 1.29) Viborg 6/6339 19/6319 0.31 (0.13 to 1.79) Western Australia (WA) 18/19352 25/19352 0.72 (0.39 to 1.32) Total* 93/56,396 155/56,541 0.60 (0.46 to 0.78) *Data from the Viborg trial is not included since the study noted deaths only in a hospital setting. Hence, results cannot be compared to the other studies(30) Discussion The pooled data of 125595 participants shows that AAA mortality rate can be significantly reduced in the population following an ultrasound scan of the abdominal aorta. Data from the four RCTs show that the Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) for the Mass trial, Chichester, Viborg and WA are 0.14%, 0.21%, 0.21% and 0.04%, respectively (See Table 9 for the full data processed by the review author). Although these may appear insignificant, when applied over a population, the ARR is 140.7, 214.6, 206.0 and 36.2 per 100,000 respectively. Hence, the Numbers Needed to Screen (NNS) are 711, 466, 485 and 2765 respectively. On an average, this is an ARR of 149.4 out of every 100,000 people for an NNS of 1107. This NNS is lower than other screening programmes like breast cancer screening which has an NNS of 1339(31).   This confirms the benefits of a population-based screening programme such as the NAAASP. The Mass trial, which looked at the effects of ultrasound screening on the quality of life found its measures to be within normal standards. Since the NAAASP is based on the results of this trial, it can be said that ultrasound screening has no adverse effects on the quality of life of the screened population. However, a   limitation acts on the trial- quality of life was measured only up to twelve months after scan; no data is available for the period after that. If quality of life was continued to be measured during follow-ups or even separately via postal questionnaires or GP appointments, a more valid inference could have been drawn. It would also have provided a fuller picture on the long-term effects on quality of life. One other limitation acting on this review is the possibility of selection bias as a result of excluding some articles in foreign languages. Despite this, the findings of this review remain unaffected and can be considered valid since an exhaustive search of the major databases was carried out systematically. Although the inclusion criteria of free-articles was applied after this search, Lancaster Universitys subscription service ensured access to all available articles and a complete retrieval of the selected search was possible. The pooled study population consisted of 125,595 men and the MASS trial alone had a sample of 67800 people. So, conclusions on quality of life and AAA mortality can be considered reliable. However, there are inconsistencies present in the four RCTs due to the different methods used. For example, the Viborg trial noted mortality only in a hospital setting. This makes its results incomparable to the other trials. Also, the source of mortality data varies in the four studies. All the trials looked at the national death registries but the Chichester and WA trials also looked at other sources(5, 7). This may have resulted in possible over-estimation or duplication of data. Similarly, the cause of death was re-checked by a clinician and two random vascular surgeons in the Chichester and WA trials, respectively. Whilst expert opinion regarding the cause of death could lead to precise and accurate mortality data, there could also be false-positives when opinions are formed on complex cases with multiple causes of mortality. This subject of human error was also noted whilst carrying out the preparatory ultrasound screening (Appendix A). Individual measurements of the same abdominal aortic diameter were varied. Although this points to the possibility of human error that may adversely affect the accuracy the diagnosis, the NAAASP identifies staff training as a significant aspect of the programme to overcome this. Staffs are well-trained in the use of ultrasonography for AAA screening and in the overall delivery of the programme(8). Also, the programme itself has several failsafe procedures incorporated within all phases of the programme so that the performance thresholds are constantly maintained(8). The result of this review can be applied to patient care in the UK. The NAAASP is successfully running its seventh year. Since its implementation in 2009, one million men have been screened(32). Accumulating evidence shows it is feasible to reduce AAA-mortality by ultrasound screening, thereby making it possible to achieve the programmes aim. Public Health England could implement similar screening interventions in other disease areas. There is currently a long of list of conditions like atrial fibrillation, thyroid disease and lung cancer where a population-based screening is not offered (but privately available) due to the absence of enough evidence to inform a screening programme'(33). Evidence-based healthcare could be further expanded to diseases like these. It is not just new and untreatable diseases that prove to be a challenge to 21st century medicine; it is the phenomenon of the disease-iceberg that proves most challenging. By detecting and treating early onset of illnesses, people live a longer and healthier life. Table 9 Data processed by the review author using the results from the four RCTs Trial Experimental Event Rate (EER) Control Event Rate (CER) Absolute Risk Reduction Relative Risk Reduction Number(s) Needed to Screen (NNS) Odds Ratio/Relative Risk MASS 0.00192086 0.00332735 0.00140649 0.422705 710.992 1.73222 Chichester 0.00312012 0.00526642 0.00214629 0.407543 465.919 1.68789 Viborg 0.000946522 0.00300680 0.00206028 0.685207 485.370 3.17669 Western Australia 0.000930136 0.00129186 0.000361720 0.280000 2764.57 1.38889 Overall 0.00157807 0.00276806 0.00118999 0.429901 840.344 1.75408 Overall* 0.00164905 0.00274137 0.00109232 0.398457 915.482 1.66239 *Data from the Viborg trial is not included since the study noted deaths only in a hospital setting. Hence, results cannot be compared to the other studies(30) Conclusion Following critical appraisal of the current available evidence provided by four major RCTs, it was found that mortality from AAA can be significantly reduced in males aged 65 years and older, through a population-based screening programme. Ultrasonography continues to be the chosen imaging modality due to its accuracy and ease-of-use.   It was also found that such a screen

Free Grapes of Wrath Essays: The Joads Journey :: Grapes Wrath essays

The Joad's Journey in The Grapes of Wrath Throughout history man has made many journeys, both far and wide. Moses’ great march through the Red Sea and Columbus's traversing the Atlantic are examples of only a couple of men’s great voyages. Even today, great journeys are being made. Terry Fox's run across Canada while fighting cancer is one of these such journeys. In every one of these instances people have had to rise above themselves and overcome immense odds, similar to a salmon swimming upstream to full fill it's life line. Intense drive and extreme fortitude are qualities they needed to posses during their travels. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck illustrates the Joad’s endurance by his use of extended metaphors in intercalary chapters. Steinbeck uses intercalary chapters to provide background for the various themes in the novel. He effectively foreshadows upcoming events by telling of the general state of the local population in the intercalary chapters. He then narrows it down to how it effects the main characters of the novel, which are the Joads. Setting the tone of the novel in the reader’s mind is another function of Steinbeck's intercalary chapters. In chapter three, Steinbeck immaculately describes the long, tedious journey of a land turtle across a desolate highway. From the onset of his journey, the turtle encounters many setbacks. Along the way ants, hills, and oak seeds hinder him under his shell. The turtle’s determination to reach his destination is most apparent when a truck driven by a young man swerves to hit the turtle. The turtle's shell is clipped and he goes flying off the highway, but the turtle does not stop. He struggles back to his belly and keeps driving toward his goal, just as the Joads keep driving toward their goal. Much like the turtle from chapter three, the Joads had to face many great hardships in their travels. The planes of Oklahoma, with their harsh summer weather, were the Joads desolated highways. The truck driver represented the Californians, who Buried food and killed livestock to keep the Joads and others like them away from their dream. And their ants and hills were sickness. Even through all of this, the Joads persevered. They were driven by two great motivating powers, poverty and hunger. Just as the turtle searched for food, the Joads were searching for paradise, "The Garden of Eden.

College Worth? Essay

College is a place for higher education. Many people go there for further study every year. Meanwhile, plenty of people skip college or drop out of college. Sort of people believe college is not worth because it cost too much. Most people think college is worth because you will able to get a good job when you holding a degree. Yes, because being a college graduate can help you gain more than the money you spent to pay for college. College is worth it because you will have a better job and pay then you can support yourself and your family. College student debt grows year by year, which means many students are unable to pay back their loan because they drop out of college or unable to find a job that can help they pay for their loan. However, it is just an excuse for those who did not finish college. In fact, according the article â€Å"The (Non-Monetary) Value of a College Degree†, Elia Powers writes â€Å"In 2005, a person with a professional degree could expect to make $100,000 a year, compared with less than $32,000 for a high school graduate and $51,000 for a graduate of a four-year college† this means college graduate can make much more money than high school graduate. Also, in the article â€Å"College Student Debt Grows. Is It Worth It?† NPR Staff state â€Å"For students graduating this year, Kantrowitz estimates that their debt will be about $27,000† this means people mostly borrow about $27,000 for college. Assume you graduate from college and earn $51,000 every year. You can pay $500 monthly. Then your debt will be clear with 5 years. Of course if you are only high school graduate and earning $32,000 per year. You are not able to pay back the loan because the money is only support for your own life expenses. Although finishing college requires much effort and time, college is worth it because college can lead you to become a healthier person. Finishing college can help you to make healthier decisions. When you are in college, you are considering about yourself and your future. You will able to determine what is good for you and what is bad. As the article â€Å"The (Non-Monetary) Value of a College Degree†, Elia Powers mentions â€Å"Of those 25 or above, roughly 25 percent of people whose educations stopped at high school smoke, compared with 10 percent of those who earned a bachelor’s degree or higher,† this means people who are college graduate most likely quit smoking or do not smoke. As we know smoking is a bad habit that will damage human health. So they made a healthy choice which is to stay away from smoking. Also at the same article above, Elia Powers said â€Å"for instance, more than 60 percent who were in the 25-34 age range said they exercised â€Å"vigorously† at least once a week. That’s compared with 31 percent of high school graduates who said the same.† This means 60 percent of college graduate exercise frequently so they can keep their body in health shape. We all know living in a healthy way is important because no one wants to get sick. Healthy is precious now because people realize health is our wealth. Although some factors may bother you going to college, college is still worth it because you will become a responsible citizen who can return to our society. The most important thing for a country is its citizen. The government needs money to run so we pay taxes and we can chose the best person to lead and improve our country. Then we can have a better life. In the article â€Å"The (Non-Monetary) Value of a College Degree†, Elia Powers states â€Å"Forty-three percent of those surveyed with at least a bachelor’s degree said they volunteered in 2006, and they reported doing so for a median of 55 hours.† This means college graduate people will more likely to serve for our society. This can make our environment better. Also, as â€Å"The (Non-Monetary) Value of a College Degree† Elia Powers mentions â€Å"In every age category, college graduates cast ballots at a higher rate than those who didn’t receive a diploma. The trend is particularly pronounce d for the 25- to 44-year-old group, in which 76 percent of college graduates voted, compared with 49 percent of high school graduates.† This means college graduate are also more willing to vote too. They want to be involved in the election. This is good for the democracy of the country. We all deserve the right to enjoy the facility of our country; however, we have the duty to serve our country too. College can make you become a good citizen who can improve our society. College is worth it also because it will build your personality and grow intellectually. Some people think college is a risky investment because if you are taking more debt, and unable to pay back afterword, you will be in big trouble. However, if you think more deeply about what else college can bring to you; you will see college can actually bring you more rewarding assets. In the online article â€Å"Is College worth it?† from PewResearchCenter, the Pew Social Trends Staff said â€Å"Among survey respondents who graduated from a four-year college, 74% say their college education was very useful in helping them grow intellectually; 69% say it was very useful in helping them grow and mature as a person; and 55% say it was very useful in helping them prepare for a job or career.† This means the things you experience and expect in college is different and difficult to train in the reality. While you became a smarter person, is there any cost you can trade in to become a knowledgeable man? Getting a degree is hard but the most important is the stuff you gained when you graduated from college. In this situation, we should try to encourage more people to get into college. People think college does not worth probably are not finished college. To persuade them is to get them into college and let them experience the changes leaded by college. I think government should lower the interest rates for college student loan so people can less consider the most common factors. Also the government can set up an alternative way to finish college like offer other type of degree which is easier to complete and government approved. Lets have people to realize that having a college education is important because this will improve the quality of our life and country.

7 Active Reading Strategies for Students

7 Active Reading Strategies for Students Active reading techniques can help you stay focused and retain more information, but its a skill that takes time and effort to develop. Here are some strategies to help you get started right away. 1. Identify New Words Most of us develop a bad habit of glossing over words that are vaguely familiar to us, often not even realizing we are doing so. When you  read a difficult passage or book for an assignment, take a few moments to really observe challenging words. You will likely find that there are many words that you think you know- but that you can’t really define. Practice by underlining every noun or verb that you cannot replace with a synonym. Once you have a list of words, write the words and definitions in a logbook. Revisit this log several times and quiz yourself on the words. 2. Find the Main Idea or Thesis As your reading level increases, the complexity of your material will likely increase as well. The thesis or main idea may no longer be provided in the first sentence; it may instead be located in the second paragraph or even the second page. Finding the thesis is crucial to comprehension. You’ll need to practice finding the thesis of the text or article each time youre reading. 3. Create a Preliminary Outline Before you dive into reading the text of a difficult book or chapter, take some time to scan the pages for subtitles and other indications of the structure. If you don’t see subtitles or chapters, look for transition words between paragraphs. Using this information, you can craft a preliminary outline of the text. Think of this as the reverse of creating an outline for your essays and research papers. Going backward in this way helps you absorb the information you are reading. Your mind will, therefore, be better able to â€Å"plug† the information into the mental framework. 4. Read With a Pencil Highlighters can be overrated. Some students commit highlighter overkill and end up with a sloppy multi-colored mess. Sometimes it’s more effective to use a pencil and sticky notes when you write. Use the pencil to underline, circle, and define words in the margins, or (if you’re using a library book) use sticky notes to mark a page and a pencil to write specific notes to yourself. 5. Draw and Sketch No matter what type of information you’re reading, visual learners can always create a mind map, a Venn diagram, a sketch, or a timeline to represent the information. Start by taking a clean sheet of paper and creating a visual representation of the book or chapter you’re reading. Youll be amazed by the difference this will make for retaining information and remembering details. 6. Make a Shrinking Outline A shrinking outline is another useful tool for reinforcing the information that you read in a text or in your class notes. To make a shrinking outline, you need to re-write material you see in your text (or in your notes). While it is a time-consuming exercise to write out your notes, it is also a very effective one. Writing is a necessary part of active reading. Once you have written out a few paragraphs of material, read it over and think of one keyword that represents an entire paragraph’s message. Write that keyword in the margin. Once you have written several keywords for a long text, go down the line of keywords and see if each word will prompt you to remember the full concept of the paragraph it represents. If not, re-read the paragraph and choose a more accurate keyword. Once every paragraph can be recalled by a keyword, you can begin to create clumps of keywords. If necessary (e.g. if you have a lot of material to memorize) you can reduce the material again so that one word or acronym helps you remember the clumps of keywords. 7. Read Again and Again Science tells us that we all retain more when we repeat a reading. It’s good practice to read once for a basic understanding of the material, and read at least one more time to grasp the information more thoroughly.

Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud

worth uses various natural phenomena, such as clouds, daffodils and waves, as devices to characterize his speaker’s different stages of emotion and feeling. The first few lines of the poem portrays the speaker’s initial emotion. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o’er vales and hills,† the speaker is described as a â€Å"cloud,† lonely, aimless, and cruising quickly and lightly through â€Å"vales† and â€Å"hills.† A vision of the daffodils moved him to a state of being connected to something, as the poet wrote, â€Å"When all at once I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† The concord and harmony of the â€Å"dancing daffodils† replaced his feeling of loneliness; he is no longer a â€Å"lonely cloud.† As the twinkling stars in the milky way, and the sparkling dancing waves appeared in the second stanza, they danced along with the â€Å"ten thousand† daffodils, a new state emerged for the speaker, he started to realize the world of interconnection and relationship. He sees the universe as a harmonious whole, in which every subject reflects a nd echoes the other. The daffodils became the speaker’s companions in the third stanza, and they were describing as â€Å"the jocund company† by the poet. He enjoys the company of the dancing daffodils, which brings him happiness and joy. As the poem goes on, the second emotion from the speaker occurs in the last stanza: the state of â€Å"solitude.† â€Å"For oft, when on my couch I lie, in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon t... Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud Free Essays on I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† by William Wordsworth, a poem that discloses the relationship between nature and human beings: how nature can affect one’s emotion and behavior with its motion and sound. The words the author adopted in this poem are interconnected and related to each other. They are simple yet profound, letting us understand how much William Wordsworth related his works to nature and the universe. In the poem, William Wordsworth uses various natural phenomena, such as clouds, daffodils and waves, as devices to characterize his speaker’s different stages of emotion and feeling. The first few lines of the poem portrays the speaker’s initial emotion. â€Å"I wandered lonely as a cloud, that floats on high o’er vales and hills,† the speaker is described as a â€Å"cloud,† lonely, aimless, and cruising quickly and lightly through â€Å"vales† and â€Å"hills.† A vision of the daffodils moved him to a state of being connected to something, as the poet wrote, â€Å"When all at once I saw a crowd, a host, of golden daffodils.† The concord and harmony of the â€Å"dancing daffodils† replaced his feeling of loneliness; he is no longer a â€Å"lonely cloud.† As the twinkling stars in the milky way, and the sparkling dancing waves appeared in the second stanza, they danced along with the â€Å"ten thousand† daffodils, a new state emerged for the speaker, he started to realize the world of interconnection and relationship. He sees the universe as a harmonious whole, in which every subject reflects a nd echoes the other. The daffodils became the speaker’s companions in the third stanza, and they were describing as â€Å"the jocund company† by the poet. He enjoys the company of the dancing daffodils, which brings him happiness and joy. As the poem goes on, the second emotion from the speaker occurs in the last stanza: the state of â€Å"solitude.† â€Å"For oft, when on my couch I lie, in vacant or in pensive mood, they flash upon t...

U.S. History 1945 to 1992 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U.S. History 1945 to 1992 - Essay Example Divisions emerged in Poland and Germany, there was formation of COMECON and NATO, and America utilized economic and military intervention to defeat Communist forces in Turkey and Greece. America wanted the European and Asian countries to adopt capitalism while the Soviet Union wanted to expand Communism. The Cold War had begun by 1949, as America and the Soviet Union confronted each other economically and politically without engaging in war. The Marshal Plan saw the United States affirm its economic dominance by providing financial aid to countries in Europe that decided to adopt capitalism. It would also mean that the United States would trade with these countries. In the 1950s, the United States was sending monetary aid to China and Korea to help fight communism. Back at home, American politics were totally against communism and the government’s political wing created a loyalty program that ensured that the Americans drove out all communists even in Hollywood. The American citizens were against communism and it was considered a great evil for one to be a communist. America recovered from the great depression, many jobs were created, and prosperity was experienced in the American society because people had the money to spend. This demonstrated that America’s capitalism doctrine was superior to communism. During the John F Kennedy era, the government put a lot of emphasis on foreign policy, as it planned t o quell communist expansion around the world. However, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the struggle for African American to gain equal rights with the White people, characterized the Kennedy era. It was unfortunate that America believed in free people and it was trying to free other countries while the country was plagued by racial inequality. The Cold War was significant in the fight against racial segregation and bringing change for the black people and other minority groups. After President

Nature or nurture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nature or nurture - Essay Example This at least seem possible conclusions that may be drawn from the work of Michael Kimmel, a sociologist, teaching at the University of New York at Stony Brook. Apart from having written on gender in general and men in particular, he has also produced numerous books and journal articles that deal specifically with the issues of masculinity, particularly that of teenage boys and young men under the age of 30. In a recent book (2008), Kimmel discusses the ‘code of masculinity’ these young men are socialized into, usually from an age earlier than even puberty, and the fear that is created by enforcement tactics used by others around them to ensure that the socialization process is successful. It is not only Kimmel but also others like Kindlon and Thompson (qtd. In Kimmel 2008) who point out that young men are not comfortable with the denial of personal needs and with living in emotional isolation. The cruel treatment they suffer at the hands of their peers leaves them beref t and is the reason for many teenage suicides. The fact that so many young boys and men appear to be extremely ill at ease with ‘wearing the mask of masculinity’ (Pollack qtd. ... nowledges the recent pre-occupation with biology in the area of human identity, and the apparent demise of theories of gender as a social construct, she also points to the fact that the difficulties so-called ‘transgender’ children experience, appear to have been exacerbated by parental indulgence. These children take on role-playing at a very early age – usually the role of the opposite sex – and persist with it, without a sign of change in sight. In A Boy’s Life (November 2008) Rosin maps the options that are open to these children and how their parents agonize over choices they are ill equipped to make. Both Rosin and Kimmel offer a disturbing view of the motivation of peers, parents, communities and professionals, those involved in the negotiation of gender and identity, and how a mix of fear of rejection, a need for normalcy and peer approval, parental weakness and professional ambition can lead to a single-minded homing in on only those solutio ns that serve these purposes. As Kimmel points out, it is not surprising that a system that is held together by fear and constant peer affirmation should selectively look to nature and nurture to justify itself. Like many other ambiguous intellectual constructs, it uses contradictory justifications. Thus, masculinity is described to be the result of evolutionary and chemical processes – biologically determined, unalterable and unassailable (614). It would appear that men come into the world, fully ‘wired’ for masculinity. This is indeed biology at work. Yet, curiously, it is vulnerable. It must be re-enforced by toughening up or it is in danger of lapsing. As Kimmel points out, if it is indeed hard-wired, nothing whatsoever would need to be done to preserve it. But that is clearly not the case, otherwise men

Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Counseling - Essay Example This is because the process of being sick includes other aspects of health which is not an individual event alone but also concerns the family and social relationship. When one member of the family is ill, it is normal for the other members to be likewise affected more so, when the illness entails long term care. Thus, becoming ill and recover from it is a challenge. Being sick may lead to many adverse reactions which may further contribute to the process of the illness and recovery. It creates a change in the environment of the patient affecting her behavior. How the patient behaves during the duration of illness is a strong contributory factor in coping with the illness. With this situation, counseling the patient is deemed empirical. However, before counseling commence, case analysis of the patient should be carried out. Analysis of the patient’s experience of illness includes examining the progress of the illness and the process of recovery identifying the patient’s own psychosocial characteristics that may influence the illness and recovery while intervention suggests psychosocial counseling with the application of behavioral cognitive theory (CBT). The Nature of the Case Melinda is a married 50 year old female with six children who is sick of cervical cancer. She claims she did not have any hospitalization for several months prior to her illness. This is her first consultation with her physician. According to her, she is not supposed to have her consultation if not for a fall from the staircase of their house causing her some bruised at her back and arms. However, the bruises according to her doctors are just but minor health problems as compared to the result indicated in her health history taken from her. Her health history reveals that she is showing warning signs and symptoms of cervical cancer. Accordingly, she had been having vaginal bleedings for several months after her menopausal period. However, she never had any consultations nor alarmed because she believes her menstrual cycle had resumed. In May of 2010, she was diagnosed of first stage cervical cancer. Like any individual who is diagnosed with such illness, she was shocked to hear the r esult of her laboratory examination as revealed by her physician and is immediately under a circumstance where she had no prior experience (Clarke, et al. 2005) thus, her reaction to the information is devastating. Shock is followed with denial as evident in her statement, â€Å"I never had any health problems in the past. Why would I be sick of such disease†? Melinda had married three times one after the other and had been sexually active. From the time of her diagnosis, she lost her appetite, has not been sleeping well and been irritable. She also does not want to sleep with her husband anymore. She defends she is more comfortable to sleep alone in a room. This made a gap in their relationship. Most often, Melinda does not respond when her husband tries to communicate with her. Observation also reveals that she rejects foods and drinks offered by her children. However, her family is regarded to be caring and tried their best to adjust to the behavior change of Melinda. Meli nda does not also like to see neighbors and even friends as she shuns away from them whenever they pay visit. When ask if other members of the family had been stricken or have died of the same illness in the past, she answered, â€Å"Does it matter† that shows that she is not interested to know her family health history. Her mother died of breast cancer many years ago and a distant relative recently passed away with lung cancer. Now, she is under the care of an oncologist and several other

Alienation of Labor Essay Example for Free

Alienation of Labor Essay The Alienation of Labor is an idea of Karl Marx which is an artificial construct and it is certainly applied but not too clear. Marx describes this idea in a pretty straightforward manner. He is basically saying that the worker has no control over his or her life. The worker is nothing more than a cog being used in the business machine’s discretion. The worker really has no individual rights and certainly no demonstration in the market place. In turn, the laborer is a slave to the system of product construction. There are four stages involved in this idea. There is nature, or human nature and this is because you are alienated from human nature. The second stage is the self, it is animalistic, and you are being reduced to an animal. The third stage is species, no longer having any sort of creativity. The final stage is other, meaning competition or work amongst each other. Hegel vs. Nietzsche -Hegel Hegel believes that slave morality is an opportunity to work on one’s self, and that freedom in the mind truly helps oppression. He believes that in this relationship, the master is actually the slave. He thinks this because he feels that the master is dependent on the slave and without the slave the master is nothing. In turn, this makes the master a slave because he is so dependent on his slave. If you crumble, Hegel believes it is a tragedy because he is a communitarian which means he is more empathetic to situations. He believes that if you weren’t strong enough and mentally tough enough it was because you didn’t get the support and care from the community. -Nietzche Similar to Hegel, Nietzche also thinks that freedom is held in the mind and you can only achieve this by being strong. A main difference of Nietzsche’s view compared to Hegel is the fact that he believes that if you fail at freeing yourself through the mind, you can only put it on yourself, it was your fault and no one else’s. Nietzsche’s view of this relationship works on two different levels or ideas: good or bad in the case of master morality and evil or good in the case of the slave. When talking about slaves, he believes that the slaves are incapable of creating their own original values, instead they are influenced and invert to their masters. The master’s view of the slave according to Nietzsche is basically that he is good therefore the slave is bad. In contrast, the slave’s view of the master is that he is evil, therefore we are good.

Set Of Principles Of Right Conduct Theology Religion Essay

Set Of Principles Of Right Conduct Theology Religion Essay It is important to us human know the set of principles of right conduct. The meaning of ethic commonly used now day. It includes study of universal values such as the essential equality of all men and women, human or natural rights, obedience to the law of land, concern for health and safety and, increasingly, also for the natural environment. The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person with ethics. It is also about the rules or standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession. Ethics generally defined as the principles of morally acceptable conduct of individuals. Ethics also means an individuals personal belief about right and wrong behaviours. In the essence of ethics, there some implications warrant additional consideration. There are ethics in individual defined. People have ethic in an organizations and what constitutes ethical behavior can vary from one person to another. Ethics also is relative and it is not absolute. This means that although what ethical behavior is in the eye of the beholder, it usually conforms to generally acceptable social form. The factors that form individual ethics are in family influences. Individual start to form their ethical standards since their childhood period in response to their perception of their parents behaviors. Besides that the peer influences also the factors that form individual ethics. When children enter school, they are influenced by peers with whom they interact every day. In this human condition related with each other, bound within them is the life experiences that can be one of the factors that form individual ethics. There is lots of important life events, activities, and communication, both positive and negative that shape peoples lives and influence their ethical beliefs and behaviors. All these events are part of growing up process that leads to maturity of human person. FAMILY INFLUENCES FACTOR In the beginning of person life, family influences are more affect our ethical. Since childhood period, our response to parents behaviors will leads to positive or negative side of our own attitude and individual ethics. Children are more likely to adopt high ethical standard if they see that their family member adhere to high standards such as being truthful and honest. If they receive rewards for conforming and punishment for not conforming to these standards there will affect individual ethics of their own. For example in my experience, family influence is the main factor of individual ethics in the time of my growing up life. Parents tend to shape their child to be successful person in future. Therefore, proper education must have to lead the way. My parents send me to various schools during primary school. Begin with my preschool at Chinese morning bell, study with almost majority different culture and background make my study start with happening and fun stuff. This early factor affects my individual ethics in culture diversity in school. To respect and respond toward surrounding environment in life of different culture. Family influence in positive way will lead us to be responsible and independent person in future. My families teach me various ways to make me more alert of surrounding environment. At home, discipline is important to shape a positive attitude toward older people. Parents strict at reasonable reason to teach me about respect and responsible. My family does play a major role in the way my behavior in society. As we grow, we learn many things from our family that are beneficial to our society. Almost everything that I learn as a child comes from parenthood and how I react with my parents. My parents went through the concepts of life, and they were exposed to society as a kid and an adult, which I learn as I get older as well. Our families, especially my parents, have a lot of wisdom about what goes on life, since they have already experienced many parts to it. They are the ones who can teach us what they have learned, and they can show us how we should act, feel, and think about our modern-day society. PEER INFLUENCE FACTOR While some people believe that family has the largest influence on young adults individual ethics, others feel that friends have more influence on young adults. I believe that friends provide a stronger influence on young adults rather than family because of the amount of time spent with friends, and the fact that peer pressure can be one of the strongest influences that a young adult will face. First, young adults spend a lot of time with their friends. Young children spend the majority of their time with family unless they are in school, which means family exerts the greatest amount of influence. However, as children enter their teenage years, they tend to spend most of their free time outside the house with their friends. Whether fighting against parental influence and control or just trying to make friends, teenagers spend a great deal of time interacting with their peers as they develop their own sense of morals and values. For example, once I entered high school I often spent time away from home studying with friends at their house. After studying we switch to science experiments, which usually involved competitions to see whose homemade rocket would fly the highest. While maybe an uncommon hobby, we found our parents often did not encourage us to explore our interests in science and became more influenced by each other rather than our respective families. Second, peer pressure can be one of the strongest influences that teenagers face. Most new experiences that young adults face are the end result of peer pressure. What one teenager thinks is cool is forced on to others in order to fit in. For example, the first cigarette I tried was due to the pressure of a classmate in high school. Later in university, the first disco party I tried was at the urging of classmate that discovered I had never been to the club to have fun. While parents also encourage their children it is usually for an entirely different reason, not wanting their children to embarrass them. Peer pressure also continues to be a major influence, even into adult life. In short, while family influences children the most, as children grow up and become young adults the strongest influences becomes their friends. Teenagers spend the majority of their time with friends, rather than family, so it is only natural that they are a stronger influence. Peer pressure also forces teenagers to try and fit in with their peers, an influence that is much stronger than family to form individual ethics. LIFE EXPERIENCE FACTOR Lots of important events, both positive and negative, shape peoples lives and influences their ethical beliefs and behavior. These events are a part of growing up and maturing. For example, people who steals something and does not get caught feel without any remorse and continue to steal. However, a person who is caught stealing may feel guilty enough to revise his ethical standards and not steal in the future. Ethical in live experience are not merely bound with each other, a yes or a no choice. Ethical decisions in life experience also are not simple choices between right and wrong. They are much more difficult to make when the person who make the decision is personally involved in the situation. The judgments are complex to balance between the feeling and social performances from the life experience. For example, all was well till I came across this teacher in my junior high. Since when I was young, my anticipation was to become a networking analysis, an engineer to be precise, I always got fascinated with the way engineers carried themselves and the driving force they had in them. Knowing the force to save lives and improve the health conditions of mankind was their major goal, I envied the engineers and I promised myself that before I joined my ancestors and forefathers I had to be one of the most prominent network engineers for a specific well to do firm. Thank to my brothers they had a friend who was a engineers whom I would accompany in a number of times to the his work place and spend a few times with him to see how he conducted his daily activities. I was even ready to defer from my studies if someone would give me an opportunity to work and run from him. But I knew that the road into becoming a renowned engineer was a rough one, it needed determination, patience and hard- work. As indicated earlier, everything was flowing smoothly and all those close to me knew that I had to achieve my goal in one way or the other. In my junior high secondary school, I attended a technical course symposium that was held in our state and all the students were requested to attend because it would shed some light on them. We had a number of professionals from almost all fields and walks of life and they took most of their time explaining what their careers involved and the number of challenges they are faced with daily. One of the professionals in the symposium was the IT Engineers. The first thing that came into me after my experience with him was to be like him. I was entrenched by the life history of this Engineer and the difficulties he had to undergo before he could finally succeed. Without the trust his family and friends had in him, he could not have reached where he was. Joining the high school that I joined was the greatest mistake I ever did in my life which I believe will haunt me to my grave. My junior high secondary school despite it being a well performing school, we lacked counseling sessions, and w e had no one to run to when we needed guidance, especially guidance that is related to career choice. Similarly, the environment we were presented with was not favorable, emphasis was put on science subjects while the art based subjects were disregarded, they were considered feminine. This is an experience that made me doubt the curriculum we were using if the administration considered other subjects to be more powerful than others. These whole life experiences make me more respond to surrounding environment. No doubt it affects my individual ethics through making decision on my own. To achieve goal we must gain lots of knowledge and information without giving up in life so easily. RULE OF LAW The law is a consistent set of universal rules established to govern societal behavior. These rules are widely published, generally accepted and usually enforced. The law as a possible basis for making managerial decisions when one is confronted with an individual ethics. The law also can be used as guide to moral choices. This is because when faced with a conflict between an organization such as school and working place. We should let the law decide, particularly in democratic society, where the argument can easily be made that the rules within the law represent the collective judgments made by member of the society. The rule of law specified a set of requirement which lawmaker must respect if they are to govern legally. Nevertheless, the rules of law restrict the illegal or extra legal use of power. When a society rules by law, there are clear rules articulating the behavior appropriate for citizens and officials. Such rules ideally determine the particular contours political relationship will take. When the requirements of the rule of law are respected, the political relationship between the legal system constitutively express the moral values of reciprocity and respect for autonomy. We should follow these collective judgments, instead of trying to establish our own moral opinions. For example, during my primary school time, I abide by the rule and moral value for not doing something against the law. Every student must know the basis of the rule of law during school period. These will make us more discipline and more responsible to others student in our school. Not to fight with each other, finish homework early and do not litter rubbish in school area. Teachers at school will guide us to follow a good moral choice that related to the rule of law. Rule of law truly serve to combine the personal moral standards of the majority of the population into universal legal requirements. The view that the law does represent collective moral judgment is certainly appealing. My secondary school period was crucial time for me. The time to choose what I am really gets into study. My family influences me a lot in making decision. They want me to be independent and responsible person for my better future living. Father always remind me, to be successful person, we must never give up. Hardworking is the key to success. When the time to study, be focus in what teachers share and teach so that we can learn and understand better. For me, hardworking is the hardest process to learn. Friends and peers influence really make my school life full of joy and fun. Study and knowledge at school left behind while enjoy is the most important part in my secondary school at that time. SUMMARISE Ethics is an individuals personal belief about right and wrong behaviors. Ethics refers to individual personal beliefs about right and wrong behavior. Individual ethics is shaped by a combination of factors such as influences of family these related to principles of morally acceptable conduct of individual ethic. Moral reasoning provides reasons and grounds for determining whether an action is morally right or wrong. Some theorists argue that there is one universal moral standard for everyone (moral absolutism), while others argue that no such standard exists (moral relativism). Some moralists hold that certain actions are wrong in themselves. Others believe that no action can be judged immoral in itself since circumstances and social conditions play the decisive role in determining whether or not a given action is right or wrong. From this ethics there are factors that form individual ethics. Family influence that is starting to form their ethical standards since their childhood period in response to their perception of their parents behaviors. The factor from peer influence that friends provide a stronger influence on young adults rather than family because of the amount of time spent with friends, and the fact that peer pressure can be one of the strongest influences that a young adult through youth life. Meanwhile, the life experience will shape peoples lives and influences their ethical beliefs and behavior. These events are a part of growing up and maturing. Base on my experience the law is a consistent set of universal rules established to govern social behavior. These rules generally accepted and usually enforced the law as a possible basis for making individual and managerial decisions when one is confronted with an individual ethics. The law also can be used as guide to moral choices. Society establi shed rules reflect the collective choices of members of that society regarding any decisions and actions that affect its welfare. Some changes in the norms, moral value of individual members of society are eventually reflected by changes in the rule of law. (2552 words)